<?xml version='1.0'?>
<!DOCTYPE art SYSTEM 'http://www.biomedcentral.com/xml/article.dtd'>
<art>
   <ui>1687-1499-2007-059608</ui>
   <ji>1687-1499</ji>
   <fm>
      <dochead>Research Article</dochead>
      <bibl>
         <title>
            <p>Multi-Satellite MIMO Communications at Ku-Band and Above: Investigations on Spatial Multiplexing for Capacity Improvement and Selection Diversity for Interference Mitigation</p>
         </title>
         <aug>
            <au ca="yes" id="A1"><snm>Liolis</snm><fnm>Konstantinos P</fnm><insr iid="I1"/><email>kliolis@mail.ntua.gr</email></au>
            <au id="A2"><snm>Panagopoulos</snm><fnm>Athanasios D</fnm><insr iid="I1"/><email>thpanag@cc.ece.ntua.gr</email></au>
            <au id="A3"><snm>Cottis</snm><fnm>Panayotis G</fnm><insr iid="I1"/><email>pcottis@central.ntua.gr</email></au>
         </aug>
         <insg>
            <ins id="I1"><p>Wireless &amp; Satellite Communications Group, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), 9 Iroon Polytechniou Street, Zografou, Athens 15780, Greece</p></ins>
         </insg>
         <source>EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking</source>
         <issn>1687-1499</issn>
         <pubdate>2007</pubdate>
         <volume>2007</volume>
         <issue>1</issue>
         <fpage>059608</fpage>
         <url>http://jwcn.eurasipjournals.com/content/2007/1/059608</url>
         <xrefbib><pubid idtype="doi">10.1155/2007/59608</pubid></xrefbib>
      </bibl>
      <history><rec><date><day>28</day><month>8</month><year>2006</year></date></rec><revrec><date><day>2</day><month>3</month><year>2007</year></date></revrec><acc><date><day>13</day><month>5</month><year>2007</year></date></acc><pub><date><day>8</day><month>7</month><year>2007</year></date></pub></history>
      <cpyrt><year>2007</year><collab>Liolis et al.</collab><note>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</note></cpyrt>
      <abs>
         <sec>
            <st>
               <p/>
            </st>
            <p>This paper investigates the applicability of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology to satellite communications at the Ku-band and above. After introducing the possible diversity sources to form a MIMO matrix channel in a satellite environment, particular emphasis is put on satellite diversity. Two specific different topics from the field of MIMO technology applications to satellite communications at these frequencies are further analyzed: (i) capacity improvement achieved by MIMO spatial multiplexing systems and (ii) interference mitigation achieved by MIMO diversity systems employing receive antenna selection. In the first case, a single-user capacity analysis of a satellite 
<inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1499-2007-059608-i1.gif"/></inline-formula> MIMO spatial multiplexing system is presented and a useful analytical closed form expression is derived for the outage capacity achieved. In the second case, a satellite 
<inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1499-2007-059608-i2.gif"/></inline-formula> MIMO diversity system with receive antenna selection is considered, adjacent satellite cochannel interference on its forward link is studied and an analytical model predicting the interference mitigation achieved is presented. In both cases, an appropriate physical MIMO channel model is assumed which takes into account the propagation phenomena related to the frequencies of interest, such as clear line-of-sight operation, high antenna directivity, the effect of rain fading, and the slant path lengths difference. Useful numerical results obtained through the analytical expressions derived are presented to compare the performance of multi-satellite MIMO systems to relevant single-input single-output (SISO) ones.</p>
         </sec>
      </abs>
   </fm>
   <meta>
      <classifications>
         <classification id="satcom" subtype="theme_series_title" type="BMC">Satellite Communications</classification>
         <classification id="satcom" subtype="theme_series_editor" type="BMC"/>
      </classifications>
   </meta>
   <bdy>
      <sec type="not_fulltext">
         <st>
            <p/>
         </st>
         <p>[<abbr bid="B1">1</abbr><abbr bid="B2">2</abbr><abbr bid="B3">3</abbr><abbr bid="B4">4</abbr><abbr bid="B5">5</abbr><abbr bid="B6">6</abbr><abbr bid="B7">7</abbr><abbr bid="B8">8</abbr><abbr bid="B9">9</abbr><abbr bid="B10">10</abbr><abbr bid="B11">11</abbr><abbr bid="B12">12</abbr><abbr bid="B13">13</abbr><abbr bid="B14">14</abbr><abbr bid="B15">15</abbr><abbr bid="B16">16</abbr><abbr bid="B17">17</abbr><abbr bid="B18">18</abbr><abbr bid="B19">19</abbr><abbr bid="B20">20</abbr><abbr bid="B21">21</abbr><abbr bid="B22">22</abbr><abbr bid="B23">23</abbr><abbr bid="B24">24</abbr><abbr bid="B25">25</abbr><abbr bid="B26">26</abbr><abbr bid="B27">27</abbr>]</p>
      </sec>
   </bdy>
   <bm>
      <refgrp><bibl id="B1"><title><p>An overview of MIMO communications&#8212;a key to gigabit wireless</p></title><aug><au><snm>Paulraj</snm><fnm>AJ</fnm></au><au><snm>Gore</snm><fnm>DA</fnm></au><au><snm>Nabar</snm><fnm>RU</fnm></au><au><snm>B&#246;lcskei</snm><fnm>H</fnm></au></aug><source>Proceedings of the IEEE</source><pubdate>2004</pubdate><volume>92</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>198</fpage><lpage>218</lpage><xrefbib><pubid idtype="doi">10.1109/JPROC.2003.821915</pubid></xrefbib></bibl><bibl id="B2"><title><p>From theory to practice: an overview of MIMO space-time coded wireless systems</p></title><aug><au><snm>Gesbert</snm><fnm>D</fnm></au><au><snm>Shafi</snm><fnm>M</fnm></au><au><snm>Shiu</snm><fnm>D-S</fnm></au><au><snm>Smith</snm><fnm>PJ</fnm></au><au><snm>Naguib</snm><fnm>A</fnm></au></aug><source>IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications</source><pubdate>2003</pubdate><volume>21</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>281</fpage><lpage>302</lpage><xrefbib><pubid idtype="doi">10.1109/JSAC.2003.809458</pubid></xrefbib></bibl><bibl id="B3"><title><p>Outage capacity statistics of MIMO satellite networks operating at Ka band and above</p></title><aug><au><snm>Liolis</snm><fnm>KP</fnm></au><au><snm>Panagopoulos</snm><fnm>AD</fnm></au><au><snm>Cottis</snm><fnm>PG</fnm></au></aug><source>Proceedings of the 12th Ka and Broadband Communications Conference, September 2006, Naples, Italy</source></bibl><bibl id="B4"><title><p>Broadband multiple satellite MIMO system</p></title><aug><au><snm>Yamashita</snm><fnm>F</fnm></au><au><snm>Kobayashi</snm><fnm>K</fnm></au><au><snm>Ueba</snm><fnm>M</fnm></au><au><snm>Umehira</snm><fnm>M</fnm></au></aug><source>Proceedings of the 62nd IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC &apos;05), September 2005, Dallas, Tex, USA</source><fpage>2632</fpage><lpage>2636</lpage></bibl><bibl id="B5"><title><p>Land mobile-satellite MIMO capacity predictions</p></title><aug><au><snm>King</snm><fnm>PR</fnm></au><au><snm>Stavrou</snm><fnm>S</fnm></au></aug><source>Electronics Letters</source><pubdate>2005</pubdate><volume>41</volume><issue>13</issue><fpage>749</fpage><lpage>751</lpage><xrefbib><pubid idtype="doi">10.1049/el:20051446</pubid></xrefbib></bibl><bibl id="B6"><title><p>MIMO antenna applications for LEO satellite communications</p></title><aug><au><snm>Hult</snm><fnm>T</fnm></au><au><snm>Mohammed</snm><fnm>A</fnm></au></aug><source>Proceedings of the 3rd ESA International Workshop of the European COST 280 Action, June 2005, Prague, Czech Republic</source></bibl><bibl id="B7"><title><p>Spectrally efficient mobile satellite real-time broadcast with transmit diversity</p></title><aug><au><snm>Martin</snm><fnm>C</fnm></au><au><snm>Geurtz</snm><fnm>A</fnm></au><au><snm>Ottersten</snm><fnm>B</fnm></au></aug><source>Proceedings of the 60th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC &apos;04), September 2004, Los Angeles, Calif, USA</source><volume>6</volume><fpage>4079</fpage><lpage>4083</lpage></bibl><bibl id="B8"><title><p>Polarization-time coding in satellite links</p></title><aug><au><snm>Frigyes</snm><fnm>I</fnm></au><au><snm>Horv&#225;th</snm><fnm>P</fnm></au></aug><source>IEEE Satellite and Space Communications Newsletter</source><pubdate>2005</pubdate><volume>15</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>6</fpage><lpage>8</lpage></bibl><bibl id="B9"><title><p>SAT02-6: application of the 3D polarization concept in satellite MIMO systems</p></title><aug><au><snm>Horv&#225;th</snm><fnm>P</fnm></au><au><snm>Frigyes</snm><fnm>I</fnm></au></aug><source>Proceedings of IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM &apos;06), November 2006, San Francisco, Calif, USA</source><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>5</lpage></bibl><bibl id="B10"><title><p>Capacity improvement for a land mobile single satellite MIMO system</p></title><aug><au><snm>King</snm><fnm>PR</fnm></au><au><snm>Stavrou</snm><fnm>S</fnm></au></aug><source>Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters</source><pubdate>2006</pubdate><volume>5</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>98</fpage><lpage>100</lpage></bibl><bibl id="B11"><title><p>Space-time coding in mobile satellite communications using dual-polarized channels</p></title><aug><au><snm>Sellathurai</snm><fnm>M</fnm></au><au><snm>Guinand</snm><fnm>P</fnm></au><au><snm>Lodge</snm><fnm>J</fnm></au></aug><source>IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology</source><pubdate>2006</pubdate><volume>55</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>188</fpage><lpage>199</lpage><xrefbib><pubid idtype="doi">10.1109/TVT.2005.861195</pubid></xrefbib></bibl><bibl id="B12"><title><p>MIMO transmission for mobile satellite communication systems: a review</p></title><aug><au><snm>Taricco</snm><fnm>G</fnm></au><au><snm>Viterbo</snm><fnm>E</fnm></au><au><snm>Biglier</snm><fnm>E</fnm></au></aug><source>Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Signal Processing for Space Communications (SPSC &apos;03), September 2003, Catania, Italy</source></bibl><bibl id="B13"><title><p>Satellite communications at Ku, Ka, and V bands: propagation impairments and mitigation techniques</p></title><aug><au><snm>Panagopoulos</snm><fnm>AD</fnm></au><au><snm>Arapoglou</snm><fnm>P-DM</fnm></au><au><snm>Cottis</snm><fnm>PG</fnm></au></aug><source>IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials</source><pubdate>2004</pubdate><volume>6</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>2</fpage><lpage>14</lpage></bibl><bibl id="B14"><title><p>Technical advances in digital audio radio broadcasting</p></title><aug><au><snm>Faller</snm><fnm>C</fnm></au><au><snm>Juang</snm><fnm>B-H</fnm></au><au><snm>Kroon</snm><fnm>P</fnm></au><au><snm>Lou</snm><fnm>H-L</fnm></au><au><snm>Ramprashad</snm><fnm>SA</fnm></au><au><snm>Sundberg</snm><fnm>C-EW</fnm></au></aug><source>Proceedings of the IEEE</source><pubdate>2002</pubdate><volume>90</volume><issue>8</issue><fpage>1303</fpage><lpage>1333</lpage><xrefbib><pubid idtype="doi">10.1109/JPROC.2002.800718</pubid></xrefbib></bibl><bibl id="B15"><title><p>Distributed space-time codes for cooperative wireless networks in the presence of different propagation delays and path losses</p></title><aug><au><snm>Mietzner</snm><fnm>J</fnm></au><au><snm>Hoeher</snm><fnm>PA</fnm></au></aug><source>Proceedings of Sensor Array and Multichannel Signal Processing Workshop (SAM &apos;04), July 2004, Barcelona, Spain</source><fpage>264</fpage><lpage>268</lpage></bibl><bibl id="B16"><title><p>The MIMO cube&#8212;a compact MIMO antenna</p></title><aug><au><snm>Getu</snm><fnm>BN</fnm></au><au><snm>Andersen</snm><fnm>JB</fnm></au></aug><source>IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications</source><pubdate>2005</pubdate><volume>4</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>1136</fpage><lpage>1141</lpage></bibl><bibl id="B17"><title><p>Prediction of triple-orbital diversity performance in Earth-space communication</p></title><aug><au><snm>Panagopoulos</snm><fnm>AD</fnm></au><au><snm>Kanellopoulos</snm><fnm>JD</fnm></au></aug><source>International Journal of Satellite Communications</source><pubdate>2002</pubdate><volume>20</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>187</fpage><lpage>200</lpage><xrefbib><pubid idtype="doi">10.1002/sat.720</pubid></xrefbib></bibl><bibl id="B18"><title><p>Characteristics of Precipitation for Propagation Modeling</p></title><aug><au><snm>ITU-R Recommendation P.837-4</snm><fnm></fnm></au></aug><note>Geneva, Switzerland, 200</note></bibl><bibl id="B19"><title><p>On limits of wireless communications in a fading environment when using multiple antennas</p></title><aug><au><snm>Foschini</snm><fnm>GJ</fnm></au><au><snm>Gans</snm><fnm>MJ</fnm></au></aug><source>Wireless Personal Communications</source><pubdate>1998</pubdate><volume>6</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>311</fpage><lpage>335</lpage><xrefbib><pubid idtype="doi">10.1023/A:1008889222784</pubid></xrefbib></bibl><bibl id="B20"><title><p>Capacity of multi-antenna Gaussian channels</p></title><aug><au><snm>Telatar</snm><fnm>IE</fnm></au></aug><source>European Transactions on Telecommunications</source><pubdate>1999</pubdate><volume>10</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>585</fpage><lpage>595</lpage><xrefbib><pubid idtype="doi">10.1002/ett.4460100604</pubid></xrefbib></bibl><bibl id="B21"><title><p>Antenna selection in MIMO systems</p></title><aug><au><snm>Sanayei</snm><fnm>S</fnm></au><au><snm>Nosratinia</snm><fnm>A</fnm></au></aug><source>IEEE Communications Magazine</source><pubdate>2004</pubdate><volume>42</volume><issue>10</issue><fpage>68</fpage><lpage>73</lpage><xrefbib><pubid idtype="doi">10.1109/MCOM.2004.1341263</pubid></xrefbib></bibl><bibl id="B22"><title><p>A revised model for the prediction of differential rain attenuation on adjacent Earth-space propagation paths</p></title><aug><au><snm>Kanellopoulos</snm><fnm>JD</fnm></au><au><snm>Ventouras</snm><fnm>S</fnm></au><au><snm>Vazouras</snm><fnm>CN</fnm></au></aug><source>Radio Science</source><pubdate>1993</pubdate><volume>28</volume><issue>6 part 2</issue><fpage>1071</fpage><lpage>1086</lpage></bibl><bibl id="B23"><title><p>Intercell radio interference studies in CDMA-based LMDS networks</p></title><aug><au><snm>Arapoglou</snm><fnm>P-DM</fnm></au><au><snm>Panagopoulos</snm><fnm>AD</fnm></au><au><snm>Kanellopoulos</snm><fnm>JD</fnm></au><au><snm>Cottis</snm><fnm>PG</fnm></au></aug><source>IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation</source><pubdate>2005</pubdate><volume>53</volume><issue>8</issue><fpage>2471</fpage><lpage>2479</lpage></bibl><bibl id="B24"><title><p>Intercell radio interference studies in broadband wireless access networks</p></title><aug><au><snm>Panagopoulos</snm><fnm>AD</fnm></au><au><snm>Arapoglou</snm><fnm>P-DM</fnm></au><au><snm>Kanellopoulos</snm><fnm>JD</fnm></au><au><snm>Cottis</snm><fnm>PG</fnm></au></aug><source>IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology</source><pubdate>2007</pubdate><volume>56</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>3</fpage><lpage>12</lpage></bibl><bibl id="B25"><title><p>Radiation Diagrams for Use as Design Objectives for Antennas of Earth Stations Operating with Geostationary Satellites</p></title><aug><au><snm>ITU-R Recommendation S.580-6</snm><fnm></fnm></au></aug><note>Geneva, Switzerland, 200</note></bibl><bibl id="B26"><title><p>Application of the MIMO concept in millimeter-wave broadband wireless access networks</p></title><aug><au><snm>Horv&#225;th</snm><fnm>P</fnm></au><au><snm>Frigyes</snm><fnm>I</fnm></au></aug><source>International Journal of Wireless Information Networks</source><pubdate>2004</pubdate><volume>11</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>217</fpage><lpage>225</lpage><xrefbib><pubid idtype="doi">10.1007/s10776-004-1233-2</pubid></xrefbib></bibl><bibl id="B27"><aug><au><snm>Papoulis</snm><fnm>A</fnm></au><au><snm>Pillai</snm><fnm>SU</fnm></au></aug><source>Probability, Random Variables and Stochastic Processes</source><publisher>McGraw-Hill, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA</publisher><edition>4th</edition><pubdate>2002</pubdate></bibl></refgrp>
   </bm>
</art>