Diversity-multiplexing tradeoff analysis and optimization for OFDM-based multihop relaying systems

In this article, we consider a single-antenna orthogonal frequency division multiplexing-based multihop relaying system over frequency selective fading channels employing subcarrier grouping and linear constellation precoding at the source, and linear detection at the destination. We derive closed-form expressions of the diversity-multiplexing tradeoff relation, and propose the optimal precoder design and symbol loading strategy to achieve the optimal diversity performance. Simulation results are presented to verify our theoretical analysis.

Multihop relaying communication is well known for being a cost-effective approach to improving the energy efficiency of communication systems in the case of long source–destination distance [1-3]. On the other hand, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is one of the dominating transmission techniques in many broadband wireless systems [4], e.g., IEEE 802.16 (WiMax), EV-DO Revision C, and the long-term evolution, which divides the broadband wireless channel into a set of orthogonal narrowband subcarriers and hence eliminates the inter-symbol interference. Combining OFDM with multihop relaying has been shown promising in future wireless broadband networks, and has received a lot of attention recently [5-8]. In particular, this OFDM-based multihop relaying architecture has been proposed by current wireless standards, i.e., IEEE 802.16j [5]. Can et al. [6] have considered the implementation issues of OFDM-based multihop cellular networks. The authors of [7] have exploited the hop diversity to improve the spectral efficiency of OFDM-based multihop relaying networks, which employed a decode-and-forward (DF) protocol in each hop link. Zhang et al. [8] further considered OFDM-based linear multihop networks over broadband wireless channels, and derived the maximum end-to-end average transmission rate and its corresponding optimal power and time allocation. In these prior works, OFDM converts a frequency-selective fading channel into parallel flat-fading subchannels and the correlation between adjacent subchannel is ignored for simplicity. However, the price paid for OFDM’s simplicity is that these OFDM-based multihop relaying schemes cannot exploit multipath diversity.

In order to exploit multipath diversity, the authors of [9-12] have employed linear constellation precoding for OFDM systems which can be implemented with limited complexity and is especially suitable for high-rate, delay-sensitive applications where powerful outer codes cannot be employed. In most of these works, the decoding at the destination node has been done by using the maximum-likelihood (ML) detector, which has been shown to achieve the maximum possible diversity. However, the ML detector has an exponential complexity in the number of precoded data streams and may not be feasible in practical systems with complexity constraint. The linear detectors, i.e., linear zero-forcing (ZF) detector and linear minimum-mean-square-error (MMSE) detector can reduce the complexity of the receiver, and have been considered in [11,12] for single hop frequency-selective fading channels. However, diversity gain obtained from linear detectors is critically dependent upon the system design, i.e., precoder design, subcarrier grouping, and symbol loading. It is therefore of interest to develop optimal design for OFDM-based multihop relaying systems with linear constellation precoding and linear detection.

The diversity-multiplexing tradeoff (DMT) has originally been developed in [13] to study narrowband single hop multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) fading channels. Recently, the DMT performance of relay channels under various protocols has been presented in [14-17]. These works mainly focused on two-hop relay networks, where the communication between a source and its destination is assisted by relay nodes. For large networks, multiple hops of relays may be needed to establish communication for a source–destination pair. This multihop relay channel scenario has been investigated in [2,3,18-20]. Sreeram et al. [2,3] have proposed a improved flip-and-forward relay scheme by changing the partitions adaptively according to the multiplexing rates, and observed better DMT performance. In [18], the DMT upper bound for the MIMO multihop channel has been derived by using the capacity cut-set upper bound. In [19], the MIMO multihop relay channel with one multiple-antenna relay at each hop has been studied, and the results showed that under the full-duplex constraint, the DF relay scheme can achieve the DMT cut-set upper bound. The DMT performance of a MIMO full-duplex single-user multihop relay channel has been investigated in [20], and an AF-based space–time relay scheme has been proposed for full-duplex MIMO multihop relay networks to achieve the optimal DMT of the channel. However, these results were discussed mainly for flat-fading channels. The DMT framework has also been used in [21,22] to study frequency-selective fading channels. The fundamental DMT for the MIMO frequency-selective fading channels has been derived in [23] and the code design criteria to achieve this tradeoff was obtained in [24]. However, the design criteria in [24] has been derived assuming the ML detector at the receiver and hence is not applicable to suboptimal linear detectors which are of interest to us. Recently, the authors of [25] have analyzed the DMT performance for multiple-input multiple-output OFDM systems over frequency-selective fading channels. However, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, the DMT performance of an OFDM-based multihop relaying system over frequency-selective fading channels remains hitherto unknown, and how to design these OFDM-based relaying systems optimally in terms of DMT is still an open problem, which motivates our work.

In this article, we adopt the framework of DMT to study an OFDM-based multihop relaying system with linear constellation precoding and linear detection over frequency selective fading channels. Our main contributions are summarized in the following.

(1) We derive closed-form expression of the DMT performance for an OFDM-based multihop relaying system employing linear constellation precoding at the source node and linear ZF or MMSE detection at the destination node.

(2) We show that the smallest of the multipath channel orders experienced in each wireless links becomes the performance bottleneck in the high-signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime. Different from ML detector, the achievable multipath diversity gain by linear detectors is dependent upon the symbol loading strategy and precoder design for given multihop relaying networks. Furthermore, no diversity gain is achieved when full-rate precoder and linear detector are employed for OFDM-based multihop relaying systems. The loss of multipath diversity is the price paid for simplicity of linear detection.

(3) In order to obtain the maximum multipath diversity gain, we design the optimal symbol loading strategy and give the necessary and sufficient precoder design conditions. Simulation results show that the optimal symbol loading and precoder design strategy can improve the DMT performance significantly.

The rest of this article is organized as follows. In the following section, an OFDM-based multihop relaying system under consideration is briefly described. In Section “DMT analysis”, the DMT analysis for the OFDM-based multihop relaying system with linear constellation precoding and linear detection is given. In Section “Optimal transmit strategies design”, we develop the optimal transmit strategies for the OFDM-based multihop relaying system, including symbol loading and precoder design. In Section “Simulation results and discussion”, some simulation results are presented and discussed. Concluding remarks are given in Section “Conclusions”.

Throughout this article, the following notations will be used. (·)^T and (·)^H denote transpose and Hermitian transpose, respectively. span{x₁,…,x_k} is the vector subspace spanned by the k vectors x₁,…,x_k. rank{X}, |X| and [X]_m,ndenote the rank, the Frobenius norm, and the element at the mth row and the nth column of the matrix X, respectively. vec{X} indicates the vector obtained stacking up the columns of the matrix X. diag{X₁,…,X_k} is the block-diagonal matrix containing the matrices x₁,…,x_k on the main diagonal. For any two matrices A,B with identical number of rows (columns), [A,B]([A;B]) denotes the matrix formed by concatenating the columns (rows) of Bwith those of A. tr{A} and λ_min{A} denote the trace and the minimum eigenvalue of the square matrix A. I_k indicates the identity matrix of order k. ⊗ denotes the Kronecker product. E{·} denotes statistical expectation. indicates that ( and are similarly defined).

We consider a wireless multihop OFDM-based relaying system with one source node, one destination node, and T−1 relay nodes (T≥2), as shown in Figure 1, where the tth relay is denoted by terminal t, and the source and destination are denoted by terminals 0 and T, respectively.

We assume that due to the propagation path-loss, the signal transmitted by terminal t can only be received by its direct neighboring nodes, i.e., terminal T−1 and terminal t + 1. Thus, the source signals travel through T hops until they are received by the destination node. Every node is equipped with a single antenna, and we also assume that all relays work in full-duplex mode. This assumption is merely for simplicity of notation. Since we assume that the signal of each node can only be received by its direct neighboring nodes, the half-duplex constraint is directly translated to a reduction of degrees of freedom by a constant factor and does not impact the relaying strategy. The non-regenerative relay strategy is employed at relay nodes, where each relay node simply amplifies and forwards (AF) OFDM symbols. All relay nodes employ amplifiers with fixed gain α. Network operators determine the value of α.

The channel from terminals t−1 to t(t∈{1,…,T}) is modeled as frequency selective Rayleigh fading and described by the discrete-time impulse response h_t=[h_t(0),…,h_t(L_t−1)]^T, where L_t denotes the corresponding channel order, and h_t(l) (l∈{0,…,L_t−1}), denotes the Rayleigh fading coefficient of the lth path, and is a zero-mean complex Gaussian random variable with variance . The channel impulse responses include the effects of transmit receive filters, physical multipath, and relative delays among antennas. We assume the channel power constraint as .

At the destination node, after removing the cyclic prefix and applying the FFT, the frequency received signal at the nth subcarrier is given by

where x(n) is the transmitted signal from the source node at the nth subcarrier, E{|x(n)}²|=1, H_t(n) is the channel frequency response between terminals t−1 and t at the nth subcarrier. Denote , and H_t(n) can be expressed as

The effective noise term w(n) is the noise received at the destination node at the nth subcarrier, which captures the overall noise in the multihop channel. Let v_t(n) denote the zero-mean complex Gaussian noise with variance σ²introduced at the tth hop transmission at the nth subcarrier, and w(n) can be expressed as

Note that w(n) is not white in general. However, since our focus is on the system asymptotic behavior and it has been shown that in this scale of interest, non-Gaussian noise does not affect the analytical results [20]. So, for large T, using the central limit theorem, we treat w(n) as Gaussian noise with zero mean and a variance of

The destination node normalizes the received signal by a factor of . This does not affect the SNR, but simplifies the presentation. After normalization, we have

where is the zero-mean complex Gaussian noise with unit variance, and represents the transmit SNR.

Subcarrier grouping and linear constellation precoding

Subcarrier grouping and linear constellation precoding can exploit the multipath diversity with low-complexity decoding, which has been applied to single-hop or dual-hop OFDM systems [9-12]. Each group employs one linear precoder and the groups are independently decoded in parallel. Linear constellation precoding is employed across a group of any K≤N tones within one OFDM symbol. Let be the set of index of the precoded tones. Upon defining , z_g =z^′(n₁),…,z^′(n_K)]T, x_g = x(n₁),…,x(n_K)]^T, and w_g=w^′(n₁),…,w^′(n_K)]T, the corresponding received signals can be recast as follows:

where , is a linear constellation precoding matrix and tr{UU^H}=K. s_g=s(n₁),…, is a vector containing M independent and identically distributed information symbols, where is the modulation constellation set. M means the number of symbols assigned to each group, which is decided by the symbol loading strategy. We assume and the precoding matrix U is full column-rank, i.e., rank(U)=M.

Linear detection

The ML decoding complexity increases exponentially with the increase of the size of the constellation alphabet and the column of the precoding matrix M, and may not be feasible in practical systems with complexity constraint. To reduce the complexity of the receiver, linear ZF and MMSE detection in [11,12] are employed at the destination. If is full column-rank, the ZF detection can be described as

where . In this case, and the postprocessing SNR for the mth data symbol is

The MMSE detection can be described as

In this case, the post-processing SNR for the mth data symbol is

As stated in [26], in the following we assume that the residual interference plus noise at the output of the MMSE filter can be modeled as Gaussian random variable.

In this section, we study the DMT relation of an OFDM-based multihop relaying system over frequency selective fading channels, which employs subcarrier grouping and linear constellation precoding at the source and linear ZF or MMSE detection at the destination.

Let indicate the event that at least one of the entries of s_gis erroneously detected and R(ρ) be the transmit rate over a group of K tones. We say that a transmission scheme achieves a spatial multiplexing gain of γ_g if the supported data rate

where γ_g∈[0,K] denotes the multiplexing gain over a group of K tones. The DMT can be characterized by mapping the diversity gain as a function of γ_g, i.e., d(γ_g), where d(γ_g) is the diversity gain and defined by

where is the probability of the event .

Let γ_g∈[0,K] denote the multiplexing gain over a group of K subcarriers. The next theorem analyzes the DMT performance of the OFDM-based multihop relaying system.

Theorem 1

Employing a given full column-rank precoder to implement linear constellation precoding over an arbitrary group of K≤N tones at the source node and linear ZF detection at the destination node, the DMT of the OFDM-based multihop relaying system is

Proof of Theorem 1

Consider first the ZF detector. Based on (11), we have

where γ=γ_g/M. Due to employing the linear constellation precoding matrix U, we can transmit M parallel data streams over a group of K tones. Furthermore, it exploit the correlation structure of the OFDM subchannels and can achieve multipath diversity gain.

Notice that , and (14) can be expressed as

Considering that are independent Gaussian random vectors, and rank (U)=M, it is clear that . So, we know that λ_min with probability one. Using the property of , (14) can be rewritten as

Using the Rayleigh-Ritz Theorem [27], Theorem 4.2.2, we have

where a∈C^M is any unit norm vector.

Considering that rank (U)=M, and let be the ith row of U=u₁,…,u_K^H, we can define as [22]

By definition, any set of G rows of Uspans and there exists at least one set of G−1 rows of U which lies in an M−1-dimensional subspace of . Without loss of generality, let us assume here rank{[u₁,…,u_G]^H}=Mand rank{[u₁,…,u_G−1]^H}=M−1. If we select where , we have for j∈{1,…,G−1} and for j∈{G,…,K}. Notice that the non-negative constant c_j is independent of the channel and ρ. Let , for any 1≤M≤K, we can obtain

where .

The probability can be lower-bounded by

Without loss of generality, let where t₁,…,t_T are the index of the ordered T hop channels according to their channel orders. So, the channel with the smallest order is with the order . Then, repeating to apply the property of vec(ABC)=(C^T⊗A)vec(B), we can rewrite h_Gas

where .

Denote , and we have

Notice that , and let be the minimum nonzero eigenvalue of Φand . Then, we can get

Define , and φ is a Chi-squared random variable with 2η degrees of freedom. Hence, we can obtain the lower bound of

We now derive the upper bound of . We can always reorganize tones such that U=U₁;U₂, , and

where , , , and . In the following, we collect in the K−G tones with the worst value of |H_SR(n_j)H_RD(n_j)|². Also, among the remaining G tones, we include in the set of G−M tones which makes U₁ full rank. Consider that is Hermitian and positive semi-definite, and use the Weyl theorem [27], Corollary 4.3.3, we can obtain

where the second inequality employs the Ostrowski theorem [27], Theorem 4.5.9. Finally, notice that depends upon the specific tone ordering employed in (25); nevertheless, we can always find a positive constant C₂ (which is independent of the channel and ρ) such that for all possible tone orderings. So, (26) can be expressed as

Let τ=K−G + 1 and {ℑ_i} indicate all possible sets of K−G + 1 elements out of {n₁,…,n_K}, i=1,…,ξ, . If , it means that there have at least τdistinct tone index in deep fade. So, we have

Following similar steps in (21)–(24), we can obtain

Based on (24) and (29), we can conclude that employing a given full column–rank precoder to implement linear constellation precoding over an arbitrary group of K≤N tones at the source node and linear ZF detection at the destination node, the DMT of the OFDM-based multihop relaying system is

Similarly, for the MMSE detector, we have

Following similar steps in (16)–(29), we can write (31) as

So, employing a given full column–rank precoder to implement linear constellation precoding over an arbitrary group of K≤N tones at the source and linear MMSE detection at the destination, the DMT of the OFDM-based multihop relaying system is the same as (30). □

Based on Theorem 1, it is shown obviously that for given multiplexing gain over a group of K tones, the achievable diversity gain by linear detector, i.e., linear ZF detector or MMSE detector, is decided by L_min, G, and M. L_minis the smallest channel order over T hop multipath channels, and becomes the performance bottleneck in the high-SNR regime. G is characterized by the full column–rank precoder , so, optimal precoder design is critical of the achievable diversity gain. Furthermore, the value of M denotes the number of transmitted information symbols per group of K tones, which means the symbol loading, and can also be optimized to improve the diversity performance of the OFDM-based multihop relaying systems.

For a given M, we see from (13) that the value of G (which is determined by the K×M precoder) can be optimized to improve the diversity order at any multiplexing gain.

Notice that if K−G + 1≥L_min, d(γ_g;M;K)=(1−γ_g/M)L_min, which means M≤G≤K−L_min + 1; if K−G + 1≤L_min, M + 1) when G=M. So, we can obtain directly the necessary and sufficient condition of optimal precoder design: For a given M, a precoder U can maximize the diversity order at any multiplexing gain if and only if

Then, the DMT of the OFDM-based multihop relaying system employing optimal linear constellation precoder over an arbitrary group of K≤Ntones at the source and linear detection at the destination is

Choosing a precoder with G=Mis clearly sufficient to achieve (33). Fortunately, selecting the first M columns of the K×K DFT matrix [12] (or the rotated signal constellation matrix [10]) as the precoder always yields.

Notice that the symbol loading strategy, which means the value of M itself, can also be optimized. In order to maximize the achievable diversity gain at any multiplexing gain γ_g, we obtain

It is clear that d(γ_g;K−L_min + 1;K)≥d(γ_g;M;K) if M≤K−L_min + 1. So, we only need to examine the case when M≥K−L_min + 1. Further, notice that the diversity order corresponding to M and M + 1 symbols should cross over at some γ_g. For all multiplexing gains less than that cross-over point, d(γ_g;M;K) will dominate whereas for all multiplexing gains greater than the cross-over point, d(γ_g;K−L_min + 1;K) will dominate. To determine the cross-over point, we equate d(γ_g;K−L_min + 1;K)=d(γ_g;M;K) and obtain the crossover point to be M(M + 1)/(K + 1). Similarly, the cross-over point between d(γ_g;M + 1;K) and d(γ_g;M + 2;K) can be determined to be (M + 1)(M + 2)/(K + 1). Thus, for γ_g∈[M(M + 1)/(K + 1),(M + 1)(M + 2)/(K + 1)], the optimal symbol loading is M + 1, i.e., in this range d(γ_g;M + 1;K) dominates all other diversity orders. So, we can obtain the optimal symbol loading strategy over an arbitrary group of K≤N tones at the source as

where and .

Then, we obtain the DMT relation of the OFDM-based multihop relaying system employing the optimal linear constellation precoder and optimal symbol loading strategy over an arbitrary group of K≤N tones at the source and linear detection at the destination

Specially, if choosing M=K, which means the system employs full-rate symbol loading strategy over an arbitrary group of K≤N tones, and the precoder is also full-rate, the DMT of the OFDM-based multihop relaying system employing linear constellation precoding and linear detection is

It indicates that different from the ML detection, for the OFDM-based relaying system with linear detection, no diversity order gain is achieved when full-rate precoders are employed. The loss of multipath diversity is the price paid for OFDM’s simplicity of the linear detection since each symbol is transmitted over a single flat subchannel.

In this section, some simulation results are given to validate the theoretical conclusions. We assume that the source node, relay nodes, and destination node are located in a line, and all the relay nodes are equally spaced. The channel between terminals t−1 and t(t∈{1,…,T}) are assumed to be frequency selective Rayleigh fading with the channel order L_t. We assume a uniform power delay profile, where all taps are subject to Rayleigh fading and path-loss, with the same path loss exponent. All relays work in full-duplex mode and employ the AF protocol to relay the received signals. The channel fading coefficients are assumed to be constant within a OFDM block, and change independently from block to block. Without loss of generality, we set the fixed amplified gain α=1. In our simulations, we consider a 3-hop relay network where T=3 and the channel order of each hop link is L₁=4, L₂=5, and L₃=6, respectively.

In Figure 2, we plot the DMT relation of the OFDM-based multihop AF relaying system employing subcarrier grouping with arbitrary group size K=6, linear constellation precoding with deterministic symbol loading M=5 at the source node, and linear detector at the destination node with different channel setting, including that Case 1: L₁=3,L₂=1,L₃=4, Case 2: L₁=3,L₂=3,L₃=4, Case 3: L₁=5,L₂=5,L₃=6. For the sake of comparison, we also plot the corresponding DMT curves obtained with ML detection. From Figure 2, we can find that both linear detection and ML detection can only achieve the diversity gain of 1 when the multiplexing gain γ_g=0 in Case 1 because the smallest of the multipath channel orders is L₂=1, which is the performance bottleneck in the high-SNR regime in Case 1. Furthermore, there is the same DMT curve for the OFDM-based multihop AF relaying system when employing linear detection in Cases 2 and 3. Because, in these cases, K−M + 1<L_minand the achievable diversity gain is determined by the relationship between K and M based on Theorem 1.

In Figure 3, we plot the DMT relation of the OFDM-based multihop AF relaying system employing subcarrier grouping with arbitrary group size K=6, linear constellation precoding with different symbol loading at the source node, and linear detector at the destination node. For the sake of comparison, we also plot the corresponding DMT curves obtained with ML detection. In this simulation, we set L₁=4,L₂=5,L₃=6, and employ the optimal symbol loading strategy based on (37). From Figure 3, the optimal symbol loading strategy provides significant diversity gains over the conventional loading, particularly at lower multiplexing gain. However, for linear detection, no diversity gain is achieved when the full-rate precoder with maximal symbol loading, K=M=γ_g, is employed.

In Figure 4, we plot the DMT relation of the OFDM-based multihop AF relaying system employing subcarrier grouping with different group size K=4,5,6,8, linear constellation precoding with optimal symbol strategy based on (37) at the source node, and linear detector at the destination node. Figure 4 indicates that the achievable diversity gain is improved with the increase of the group size K at the given multiplexing gain. However, a large value of K would result in the increase of the linear detection complexity.

In Figure 5, we plot the outage probability versus SNR curves for the OFDM-based multihop AF relaying system employing subcarrier grouping, linear constellation precoding with different symbol loading at the source node, and linear ZF detector at the destination node. We consider an OFDM-based relaying system with N=32 tones out of which a group of K=8 tones are used for data transmission, and the given threshold rate is 1 bit per-channel-use, which mains that 1 bit information per symbol is transmitted over each tone in the group. The data symbols are precoded using a precoder formed by the first Mth columns of a K×K DFT matrix. For the sake of comparison, we also plot the corresponding outage probability curves obtained with ML detection. Note that the case of M=8 means a full-rate precoder employed. Because of full-rate precoder in the case, the ML detector can achieve full multipath diversity with a diversity order of 4 whereas the linear detectors have a diversity order of 1. With the decrease of M, the achievable diversity gain is improved for linear detection, and the slope of the curves become more and more sharp. It can be also observed that the curves of M=5 and M=3 for linear detection both have the identical slope, especially in high SNR, due to the same achievable diversity gain. On the other hand, for ML detection, full multipath diversity gain can always be achieved with different M, the curves have the identical slope.

In Figure 6, we plot the outage probability versus SNR curves for the OFDM-based multihop AF relaying system employing different precoding design at the source node and linear ZF and MMSE detector at the destination node. We consider the same set-up as in Figure 5, besides three different precoders as: (1) non-precoding scheme which means the source node do not precode the data symbols, (2) DFT-precoding scheme which means the data symbols are precoded using a precoder formed by the first Mth columns of a K×K DFT matrix, (3) RSC-precoding scheme which means the data symbols are precoded using a precoder formed by the first Mth columns of a K×Krotated signal constellation matrix base on [10]. It can be seen from Figure 6 that the outage performance with linear constellation precoding is improved significatively compared to that without precoding. Note that as predicted by our analysis, the outage performance curves employed DFT-precoding and RSC-precoding has the identical slope in high-SNR due to the same achievable diversity gain. In can also observed that the MMSE detector exhibits a much better performance for a wide range of SNRs compared to the ZF detector.

In this study, we have derived the closed-form expressions of the DMT relation for OFDM-based multihop AF relaying systems employing subcarrier grouping and linear constellation precoding at the source node, and linear detection at the destination node. The results show that the smallest of the multipath channel orders experienced in each wireless links becomes the performance bottleneck in the high-SNR regime, and the achievable multipath diversity gain by linear detectors is dependent upon the symbol loading and precoder design. Then, the optimal precoder and the symbol-loading strategy have been proposed to achieve optimal diversity performance. Accordingly, a complete analysis and optimization framework for OFDM-based multihop relaying systems over frequency selective fading channels has been obtained, which can be used as a powerful tool for performance evaluation and optimal design of existing and upcoming OFDM-based multihop relaying systems.

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

This study was supported by the NSF of China (Grant No. 61001107, 60972051), the Major National Science & Technology Projects (Grant No. 2010ZX03006-002-04), and the Jiangsu Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. BK2010101).

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