Optimized Punctured ZCZ Sequence-Pair Set: Design, Analysis, and Application to Radar System

Based on the zero correlation zone (ZCZ) concept, we present the definitions and properties of a set of new ternary codes, ZCZ sequence-Pair Set (ZCZPS), and propose a method to use the optimized punctured sequence-pair along with Hadamard matrix to construct an optimized punctured ZCZ sequence-pair set (OPZCZPS) which has ideal autocorrelation and cross-correlation properties in the zero correlation zone. Considering the moving target radar system, the correlation properties of the codes will not be severely affected when Doppler shift is not large. We apply the proposed codes as pulse compression codes to radar system and the simulation results show that optimized punctured ZCZ sequence-pairs outperform other conventional pulse compression codes, such as the well-known polyphase code—P4 code.

Pulse compression is known as a technique to raise the signal to maximum sidelobe (signal-to-sidelobe) ratio to improve the target detection and range resolution abilities of the radar system. This technique allows a radar to simultaneously achieve the energy of a long pulse and the resolution of a short pulse without the high peak power which is required by a high energy short duration pulse [1]. One of the waveform designs suitable for pulse compression is phase-coded waveform design. The phase-coded waveform design is that a long pulse of duration is divided into subpulses each of width . Each subpulse has a particular phase, which is selected in accordance with a given code sequence. The pulse compression ratio equals the number of subpulses , where the bandwidth is . In general, a phase-coded waveform with longer code word, in other words, higher pulse compression ratio, can have lower sidelobe of autocorrelation, relative to the mainlobe peak, so its main peak can be better distinguished. The relative lower sidelobe of autocorrelation is very important since range sidelobes are so harmful that they can mask main peaks caused by small targets situated near large targets. In addition, the cross-correlation property of the pulse compression codes should be considered in order to reduce the interference among radars when we choose a set of pulse compression codes to work in a Radar Sensor Network (RSN).

Much time and effort was put for designing sequences with impulsive autocorrelation functions (ACFs) and cross-correlation functions (CCFs) for radar target ranging and target detection. On one hand, for aperiodic sequences, it is known that for most binary sequences of length the attainable sidelobe levels are approximately [2, 3] and the mutual peak cross-correlations of the same-length sequences are much larger and are usually in the order of to . Later, set of binary sequences of length with autocorrelation sidelobes and cross-correlation peak values of approximately are studied in paper [4]. Besides, the small set of Kasami sequences and the Bent sequences could achieve maximum correlation values of approximately . In addition to binary sequences, polyphase codes, with better Doppler tolerance and lower range sidelobes such as the Frank and P1 codes, the Butler-matrix derived P2 code, the linear-frequency-derived P3 and P4 codes were provided and intensively analyzed in [5–7]. Quadiphase [8] code could also reduce poor fall-off of the radiated spectrum and mismatch loss in the receiver pulse compression filter of biphase codes. Nevertheless, the range sidelobe of the polyphase codes can not be low enough to avoid masking returns from targets. Hence, considerable work has been done to reduce range sidelobes for the radar system. By suffering a small loss, the authors in [9] present several binary pulse compression codes to greatly reduce sidelobes. In the previous paper [10], pulse compression using a digital-analog hybrid technique is studied to achieve very low range sidelobes for potential application to spaceborne rain radar. In the paper [11], time-domain weighting of the transmitted pulse is used and is able to achieve a range sidelobe level of 55 dB or better in flight tests. These sidelobe suppression methods, however, degrade the receiving resolution because of wider mainlobe.

On the other hand, for periodic sequences, the lowest periodic ACF that could be achieved for binary sequences, as in the case of -sequences [12, 13] or Legendre sequences, is . GMW [14] has the same periodic ACF properties, but posses larger linear complexity. Considering the nonbinary case, it is possible to find perfect sequences, such as two valued Golomb sequences, Ipatov ternary sequences, Frank sequences, Chu sequences, and modulatable sequences. However, it should be noted that for both binary and non-binary cases, it is impossible for the sequences to have perfect ACF and CCF simultaneously although ideal CCFs could be achieved alone. One can synthesize a set of non-binary sequences with impulsive ACF and the lower bound of CCF: , [15, 16], which is governed by Welch bound and Sidelnikov bound.

So far in the previous work, range sidelobes could hardly reach as low as zero. In addition, it has also been well proven that it is impossible to design a set of codes with ideal impulsive autocorrelation function and ideal zero cross-correlation functions, since the corresponding parameters have to be limited by certain bounds, such as Welch bound [15], Sidelnikov bound [16], Sarwate bound [17], and Levenshtein bound [18]. To overcome these difficulties, the new concepts, generalized orthogonality (GO), also called Zero Correlation Zone (ZCZ) is introduced. Based on ZCZ [19–21] concept, we propose a set of ternary codes, ZCZ sequence-pair set, which can reach zero autocorrelation sidelobe zero mutual cross-correlation peaks during Zero Correlation Zone. We also present and analyze a method to construct such ternary codes and subsequently apply them to a radar detection system. The method is that optimized punctured sequence-pair joins together with Hadamard matrix to construct optimized punctured ZCZ sequence-pairs set. An example is presented, investigated, and studied in the radar targets detection simulation system for the performance evaluation of the proposed ternary codes. Because of the outstanding property performance and well target detection performance in simulation system, the newly proposed codes can be useful candidates for pulse compression application in radar system.

The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 introduces the definitions and properties of ZCZPS. In Section 3, the optimized punctured ZCZPS is introduced, and a method using optimized punctured sequence-pair and Hadamard matrix to construct such codes is given and proved. In Section 4, the properties and ambiguity function of optimized punctured ZCZPS are simulated and analyzed. The performance of optimized punctured ZCZPS is investigated in radar targets detection system by comparing with P4 code in Section 5. In Section 6, conclusions are drawn on optimized punctured ZCZPS.

Zero Correlation Zone (ZCZ) is a new concept provided by Fan et al. [21, 22] in which the autocorrelation sidelobes and cross-correlation values are zero while the time delay is kept within ZCZ instead of the whole period of time domain. There has been considerable interest in constructing [23–27] new classes of ZCZ sequences in ZCZ and studying their properties [28].

Here, we introduce sequence-pair into the ZCZ concept to construct ZCZ sequence-pair set. We consider ZCZPS , is a set of sequences of length and is a set of sequences of the same length :

The autocorrelation function (ACF) (here we use autocorrelation to stand for the cross-correlation between two different sequences of a sequence-pair to distinguish the cross-correlation between two different sequence-pairs) of sequence-pair is defined by

The cross-correlation function of two sequence-pairs and , is defined by

where is the time delay and is the bit duration.

For pulse compression sequences, some properties are of particular concern in the optimization for any design in engineering field. They are the peak sidelobe level, the energy of autocorrelation sidelobes, and the energy of their mutual cross-correlation [4]. Therefore, the peak sidelobe level which represents a source of mutual interference and obscures weaker targets can be presented as , is among the zero correlation zone for ZCZPS. Another optimization criterion for the set of sequence-pairs is the energy of autocorrelation sidelobes joined together with the energy of cross-correlation. By minimizing the energy, it can be distributed evenly, and the peak autocorrelation sidelobe and the cross-correlation level can be minimized as well [4]. Here, the energy of ZCZPS can be employed as

According to (4), it is obvious to see that the energy can be kept low while minimizing the autocorrelation sidelobes and cross-correlation values of any two sequence-pairs within Zero Correlation Zone.

Hence, the ZCZPS can be constructed by minimizing the autocorrelation sidelobe of a sequence-pair and cross-correlation value of any two sequence-pairs in ZCZPS.

Definition 1.

Assume to be a sequence-pair set of sequence-pairs and each sequence-pair is of bit length. If all the sequence-pairs in the set satisfy the following equation:

where , , and . Then is called a ZCZ sequence-pair, is an abbreviation, and is called a ZCZ sequence-pair set, is an abbreviation.

3.1. Definition of Optimized Punctured ZCZ Sequence-Pair Set

Matsufuji and Torii have provided some methods of constructing ZCZ sequences in [29, 30]. In this section, a set of novel ternary codes, namely, the optimized punctured ZCZ sequence-pair set, is constructed by applying the optimized punctured sequence-pair [31] to the Zero Correlation Zone. Here, optimized punctured ZCZPS is a specific kind of ZCZPS.

Definition 2 (see [31]).

Sequence is the punctured sequence for

where is the number of punctured bits in sequence . Suppose and , is -punctured binary sequence, is called a punctured binary sequence-pair.

Definition 3 (see [31]).

The autocorrelation of punctured sequence-pair is defined as

If the punctured sequence-pair has the following autocorrelation property:

the punctured sequence-pair is called an optimized punctured sequence-pair [31]. Where, , is the energy of punctured sequence-pair.

Definition 4.

If in Definition 1 is constructed by optimized punctured sequence-pair and a certain matrix, such as Hadamard matrix or an orthogonal matrix, where

Then

where and , then can be called an optimized punctured ZCZ sequence-pair set. is an abbreviation.

3.2. Design of Optimized Punctured ZCZ Sequence-Pair Set

Based on an optimized punctured binary sequence-pair of odd length and a Hadamard matrix, an optimized punctured ZCZPS can be constructed on following steps.

Step 1.

Considering an optimized punctured binary sequence-pair of odd length, the length of each sequence is :

Step 2.

A Hadamard matrix (the Hadamard matrix is made up of a set of Walsh sequences) of order is used here. , the length of each sequence, is equal to the number of the sequences in the matrix. Here, any Hadamard matrix order is possible and is the row vector of the matrix:

Step 3.

Doing bit-multiplication on the optimized punctured binary sequence-pair and each row of the Hadamard matrix B, then sequence-pair set is obtained,

Here, the optimized punctured binary sequence-pairs are of odd lengths and the lengths of Walsh sequence are , It is easy to see that , common divisor of and is 1, then . The sequence-pair set is the optimized punctured ZCZPS and is the Zero Correlation Zone . The length of each sequence in optimized punctured ZCZPS is that depends on the product of length of optimized punctured sequence-pair and the length of Walsh sequence in Hadamard matrix. The number of sequence-pairs in optimized punctured ZCZPS rests on the order of the Hadamard matrix. The sequence in sequence set and the corresponding sequence in sequence set construct a sequence-pair that can be used as a pulse compression code.

The correlation property of the sequence-pairs in optimized punctured ZCZPS is

where is the Zero Correlation Zone and .

Proof.

() When ,

() When ,

According to Definition 1, the OPZCZPS constructed by the above method is a ZCZPS.

Considering the optimized punctured ZCZPS constructed by the method mentioned in the last section, the autocorrelation and cross-correlation properties can be simulated and analyzed. For example, the optimized punctured ZCZPS is constructed by 31-length optimized punctured binary sequence-pair , , (using "'' and "'' symbols for "'' and "'') and Hadamard matrix of order 4. We follow the three steps presented in Section 3.2 to construct the optimized punctured ZCZPS. The number of sequence-pairs here is 4, and the length of each sequence is . The first row of each matrix and constitute a certain optimized punctured ZCZP . Similarly, the second row of each matrix and constitute another optimized punctured ZCZ sequence-pair , and so on:

Here, optimized punctured ZCZ sequence-pairs and are studied as two examples in the following parts.

4.1. Autocorrelation and Cross-Correlation Properties

The autocorrelation property and cross-correlation property of 124-length sequence-pairs in the optimized punctured ZCZ sequence-pair set are shown in Figures 1 and 2.

From the Figures 1 and 2, the peak autocorrelation sidelobe of ZCZPS and their cross-correlation value are kept as low as zero while the time delay is kept within (Zero Correlation Zone). And it is always true that the cross-correlation values of optimized punctured ZCZPS and the autocorrelation sidelobe could be kept as low as zero during ZCZ.

We still have to confess that the energy loss of the proposed codes is no less than 1.7 db due to reference mismatch. However, the perfect periodic ACF and CCF achieved simultaneously during the ZCZ zone and the codes' structure could make up for it. It is known that a suitable criterion for evaluating code of length is the ratio of the peak signal mainlobe divided by the peak signal sidelobe (PSR) of their autocorrelation function, which can be bounded by [32]

The only aperiodic uniform phase codes that can reach the are the Barker codes whose length is equal or less than 13. Considering the periodic sequences, the -sequences or Legendre sequences could achieve the lowest periodic ACF of . For non-binary sequences, it is possible to find perfect sequences of ideal ACF. Golomb codes are a kind of two valued (biphase) perfect codes which obtain zero periodic ACF but result in large mismatch power loss. The Ipatov code shows a way of designing code pairs with perfect periodic autocorrelation (the cross-correlation of the code pair) and minimal mismatch loss. In addition, zero periodic autocorrelation function for all nonzero shifts could be obtained by polyphase codes, such as Frank and Zadoff codes. However, for both binary and non-binary periodic sequences, it is not possible for the sequences to have perfect ACF and CCF simultaneously although ideal CCFs could be achieved alone. Comparing with the above codes, the proposed ternary codes could obtain perfect periodic ACF during the ZCZ and the reference sequence is made of which is much less complicated than other perfect ternary codes such as Ipatvo code. The reference code for Ipatov code is of a three-element alphabet which might not always be integer.

Nevertheless, considering multi targets in the system, multiple peaks of the autocorrelation function of the proposed codes might affect on the range resolution. The range resolution could be limited as or . Here, is one bit duration, is the length of an optimized punctured sequence-pair and is the length of an optimized punctured ZCZ sequence-pair. In the Figure 1, . Otherwise, some digital signal processing methods could also be introduced to distinguish the peaks. On the other hand, there may also be the concern that multiple peaks of single transmitting signal reflected from one target may affect determining the main peak of ACF. As a matter of fact, the matched filter here could shift at the period of ZCZ length to track each peak instead of shifting bit by bit after the first peak is acquired. Hence, in this way could it be working more efficiently. Alike the tracking technology in synchronization of CDMA system, checking several peaks instead of only one peak guarantee the precision of and avoidance of . In addition, those obtained peaks could be averaged before the detection in order to reduce the effect of random noise in the channel so that the detection performance could be improved.

To sum up, the new code could achieve perfect ACF and CCF in the ZCZ simultaneously according to Figures 1 and 2, and its PSR can be as large as infinite.

4.2. Ambiguity Function

When the transmitted impulse is reflected by a moving target, the reflected echo signal includes a linear phase shift which corresponds to a Doppler shift [32]. As a result of the Doppler shift , the main peak of the autocorrelation function is reduced. The SNR is degraded and the sidelobe structure is also changed because of the Doppler shift.

The ambiguity function which is usually used to analyze the radar performance within Doppler shift and time delay is defined in [32]:

where is the time delay between transmitting signal and matched filter, and is the Doppler shift.

In [33], Periodic Ambiguity Function (PAF) is introduced by Levanon as an extension of the periodic autocorrelation for Doppler shift. And the single-periodic complex envelope is [34]

where is one period of the signal.

We are studying sequence-pairs in this research, so we use different codes for transmitting part and receiving part. The single-period ambiguity function for ZCZPS can be rewritten as

where , is one period of the signal and is one bit duration. At the same time, when , (21) can be used to analyze the autocorrelation property within Doppler shift, and when , (21) can be used to analyze the cross-correlation performance within Doppler shift. Equation (21) is plotted in Figure 3 in a three-dimensional surface plot to analyze the radar performance of optimized punctured ZCZPS within Doppler shift. Here, maximal time delay is 1 unit (normalized to length of the code, in units of ) and maximal Doppler shift is 5 units for cross-correlation and 3 units for autocorrelation (normalized to the inverse of the length of the code, in units of ).

In Figure 3(a), there is relative uniform plateau suggesting low and uniform sidelobes. This low and uniform sidelobes minimize target masking effect in Zero Correlation Zone of time domain, where , . From Figure 3(b), considering cross-correlation property between any two optimized punctured ZCZ sequence-pairs of the ZCZPS, we can see that the optimized punctured ZCZPS is tolerant of Doppler shift when Doppler shift is not large. When the Doppler shift is zero, or the target is not moving, cross-correlation of our proposed code is zero during ZCZ.

Since synchronizing techniques develop exponentially in the industrial world, time delay between transmitting signal and matched filter can, to some extent, be precisely estimated. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the property of our proposed code when we have the output of the matched filter at the expected time . When , the ambiguity function can be expressed as

And the Doppler shift performance without time delay is presented in the Figure 4.

Figure 4(a) illustrates that without time delay of matched filter but having the Doppler shift less than 1 unit, the autocorrelation value of optimized punctured ZCZPS falls sharply during one unit, and the trend of the amplitude over the whole frequency domain decreases as well. Figure 4(b) shows that there are some convex surfaces in the cross-correlation performance. From Figures 4(a) and 4(b), when Doppler frequencies equal to multiples of the pulse repetition frequency (), all the ambiguity values turn to zero except when Doppler frequency is equal to 2 PRF for cross-correlation. That is the same as many widely used pulse compression binary code such as the Barker code. Overall, the ambiguity function performances of optimized punctured ZCZP can be as efficient as conventional pulse compression binary code.

According to [32], Probability of Detection (), Probability of False Alarm () and Probability of Miss () are three probabilities of most interest in the radar system. Note that . Therefore, we simulated the above three probabilities of using 124-length optimized punctured ZCZ sequence-pair in radar system in this section. The performance of radar system using 124-length P4 code is also studied in order to compare with the performance of optimized punctured ZCZ sequence-pairs of corresponding length. In the simulation model, times of Monte-Carlo simulation has been run for each SNR value. The Doppler shift frequency is a random variable that is kept less than 1 unit (normalized to the inverse of the length of the code, in units of ), and the expected peak time of the output of the matched filter is at .

From Figure 5, the probabilities of miss target detection of the system using 124-length optimized punctured ZCZP are lower than 124-length P4 code especially when the SNR is not high. When SNR is higher than 18 dB, both probabilities of miss targets of the system approach zero. However, the probabilities of miss targets of P4 code fall more quickly than optimized punctured ZCZP.

We plotted the detection probability versus false alarm probability of the coherent receiver. We have simulated the performance at different SNR values. Because of the limited space, we only chose SNR at 12 db and 14 dB. Figure 6 shows performance of 124-length optimized punctured ZCZP and performance of the same length P4 code when the SNR is 12 dB and 14 dB. Within the same SNR value either 12 dB or 14 dB, the detection probabilities of optimized punctured ZCZ sequence-pair are much larger than detection probabilities of P4 code, and meanwhile of the first code are also smaller than of the latter code. Stating differently, optimized punctured ZCZ sequence-pair has higher target detection probability while keeping a lower false alarm probability. Furthermore, observing Figure 6, 124-length optimized punctured ZCZ sequence-pair even has much better performance at 12 dB SNR than P4 code of corresponding length at 14 dB SNR.

The definition and properties of a set of newly provided ternary codes-ZCZ sequence-pair set were discussed in this paper. Based on optimized punctured sequence-pair and Hadamard matrix, we have investigated a constructing method for a specific ZCZPS-optimized punctured ZCZPS made up of a set of optimized punctured ZCZPs along with studying its properties. The significant advantage of the optimized punctured ZCZPS is the considerably reducedn autocorrelation sidelobe and zero mutual cross-correlation value during ZCZ. According to the radar system simulation results shown in Figures 5 and 6, it is easy to observe that 124-length optimized punctured ZCZPS has better performance than P4 code of the same length when the target is not moving very fast in the system. A general conclusion can be drawn that the optimized punctured ZCZPS consisting of optimized punctured ZCZ sequence-pairs can effectively increase the variety of candidates for pulse compression codes. Because of the ideal cross-correlation properties of optimized punctured ZCZPS, our future work would focus on the application of the optimized punctured ZCZPS in multiple radar systems.

This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Grants CNS-0721515, CNS- 0831902, CCF-0956438, CNS-0964713, and Office of Naval Research (ONR) under Grant N00014-07-1-0395 and N00014-07-1-1024.

1. S Ariyavisitakul, N Sollenberger, L Greenstein, Introduction to Radar System (Tata McGraw-Hill, Delhi, India, 2001)

2. AM Boehmer, Binary pulse compression codes. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 13, 156–167 (1967)

3. R Turyn, On Barker codes of even length. Proceedings of the IEEE 51(9), 1256 (1963)

4. U Somaini, Bianry sequences with good autocorrelation and cross correlation properties. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 11(6), 1226–1231 (1975)

5. RL Frank, Polyphase codes with good nonperiodic correlation properties. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 9, 43–45 (1963). Publisher Full Text

6. BL Lewis, FF Kretschmer Jr.., A new class of polyphase pulse compression codes and techniques. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 17(3), 364–372 (1981)

7. BL Lewis, FF Kretschmer Jr.., Linear frequency modulation derived polyphase pulse compression codes. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 18(5), 637–641 (1982)

8. JW Taylor Jr.., HJ Blinchikoff, Quadriphase code—a radar pulse compression signal with unique characteristics. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 24(2), 156–170 (1988). Publisher Full Text

9. R Sato, M Shinrhu, Simple mismatched filter for binary pulse compression code with small PSL and small S/N loss [radar]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 39(2), 711–718 (2003). Publisher Full Text

10. K Sato, H Horie, H Hanado, H Kumagai, A digital-analog hybrid technique for low range sidelobe pulse compression. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 39(7), 1612–1615 (2001). Publisher Full Text

11. A Tanner, SL Durden, R Denning, E Im, FK Li, W Ricketts, W Wilson, Pulse compression with very low sidelobes in an airborne rain mapping radar. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 32(1), 211–213 (1994). Publisher Full Text

12. SW Golomb, Shift Register Sequences (Holden-Day, San Francisco, Calif, USA, 1967)

13. SW Golomb, Shift Register Sequences (Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, Calif, USA, 1982)

14. RA Scholtz, LR Welch, GMW sequences. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 30(3), 548–553 (1984). Publisher Full Text

15. LR Welch, Lower bounds on the maximum cross correlation of signals. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 20(3), 397–399 (1974). Publisher Full Text

16. VM Sidelnikov, On mutual correlation of sequences. Soviet Mathematics. Doklady 12, 197–201 (1971)

17. DV Sarwate, MB Pursley, Crosscorrelation properties of pseudorandom and related sequences. Proceedings of the IEEE 68(5), 593–620 (1980)

18. PG Boyvalenkov, DP Danev, SP Bumova, Upper bounds on the minimum distance of spherical codes. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 42(5), 1576–1581 (1996). Publisher Full Text

19. PZ Fan, M Darnell, Sequence Design for Communications Applications (Research Studies Press, John Wiley & Sons, London, UK, 1996)

20. PZ Fan, M Darnell, On the construction and comparison of period digital sequences sets. IEE Proceedings: Communications 144(6), 111–117 (1997)

21. PZ Fan, N Suehiro, N Kuroyanagi, XM Deng, A class of binary sequences with zero correlation zone. Electronics Letters 35(10), 777–779 (1999). Publisher Full Text

22. P Fan, L Hao, Generalized orthogonal sequences and their applications in synchronous CDMA systems. IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences E83-A(11), 2054–2066 (2000)

23. X Tang, WH Mow, A new systematic construction of zero correlation zone sequences based on interleaved perfect sequences. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 54(12), 5729–5734 (2008)

24. Z Zhou, X Tang, G Gong, A new class of sequences with zero or low correlation zone based on interleaving technique. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 54(9), 4267–4273 (2008)

25. ZC Zhou, XH Tang, A new class of sequences with zero correlation zone based on interleaved perfect sequences. Proceedings of the IEEE Information Theory Workshop (ITW '06), October 2006, Chengdu, China, 548–551

26. S Matsufuji, Two families of sequence pairs with zero correlation zone. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Computing, Applications and Technologies (PDCAT '03), August 2003, 899–903

27. S Matsufuji, K Takatsukasa, Y Watanabe, N Kuroyanagi, N Suehiro, Quasi-orthogonal sequences. Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications (SPAWC '01), March 2001, 255–258

28. XH Tang, PZ Fan, S Matsufuji, Lower bounds on correlation of spreading sequence set with low or zero correlation zone. Electronics Letters 36(6), 551–552 (2000). Publisher Full Text

29. S Matsufuji, N Kuroyanagi, N Suehiro, P Fan, Two types of polyphase sequence sets for approximately synchronized CDMA systems. IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences E86-A(1), 229–234 (2003)

30. H Torii, M Nakamura, N Suehiro, A new class of zero-correlation zone sequences. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 50(3), 559–565 (2004). Publisher Full Text

31. T Jiang, in Research on quasi-optimized binary signal pair and perfect punctured binary signal pair theory, Ph, ed. by . D. dissertation (Yanshan University, 2003)

32. MA Richards, Fundamentals of Radar Signal Processing (McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, USA, 2005)

33. N Levanon, A Freedman, Periodic ambiguity function of CW signals with perfect periodic autocorrelation. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 28(2), 387–395 (1992). Publisher Full Text

34. LW Couch, Effects of modulation nonlinearity on the range response of FM radars. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 9(4), 598–606 (1973)